Determining norms of antero-posterior relationship of maxillary central incisors to the forehead among Malay, Chinese and Indian females in Malaysia
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Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the study was to establish norms of antero-posterior relationship of maxillary central incisors to forehead for different ethnic groups in a sample of female students in Malaysia. Materials and methods: Seventy-eight smile profile photographs of female students grouped under three ethnicities (Malay, Chinese and Indian), age range of 18- 26 years, were analyzed. The antero-posterior (AP) relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead was measured and norms were established for the different groups. The mean values of the measurements were compared with the control group and among the different groups. Results: The AP position of the maxillary central incisor in relation to glabella vertical (GVL) was smaller than the range value of study groups in all ethnicities. There was no difference in the forehead inclination between the ethnicities. Only Chinese ethnicity showed significant difference of forehead inclination and AP relationship in its control group. However, only study groups in both Malay and Indian ethnicities show significant difference in forehead inclination and AP relationship. In the Chinese ethnicity, the AP position of maxillary central incisors was significantly associated with forehead inclination. Conclusion: This study may be useful in providing racially specific norms for diagnosis and treatment planning in orthodontics in Malaysian adult females.
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