Scope and potential limitations of Cheiloscopy in forensic investigations: a review
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Abstract
Background: Cheiloscopy, the forensic analysis of lip prints, has emerged as a potential biometric identification method in forensic dentistry, based on the theoretical uniqueness of lip groove patterns similar to fingerprints. Objective: This review critically evaluates current evidence regarding the accuracy, reliability, and validity of cheiloscopic methods for human identification and sex determination in forensic applications. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of existing literature on cheiloscopy was conducted, examining studies on lip print uniqueness, classification systems, forensic applications, methodological challenges, and emerging technologies through 2025. Results: While lip prints demonstrate theoretical uniqueness, significant methodological limitations compromise forensic reliability. Evidence reveals high rates of unusable prints, substantial inter-observer variability, and particularly weak evidence for sex determination applications. Emerging 3D scanning technologies show promise but require extensive validation. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests cheiloscopy has limited standalone forensic utility due to accuracy, reliability, and validity concerns. The technique may serve as an adjunct identification method when standardized protocols are developed and technological advances are validated.
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